SOCIAL DESIRABILITY IN THE STUDY OF STEREOTYPES OF SOCIAL MINORITIES: COMPARING ONLINE AND IN-PERSON DATA COLLECTION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13357798Keywords:
Prejudice, Social Desirability, Social Minorities, StereotypeAbstract
Studies on prejudices and stereotypes of social groups are often susceptible to social desirability. This occurs due to anti-prejudice norms that can be activated in certain contexts, such as in the presence of researchers during data collection. This study aimed to investigate whether the method of data collection influences the attribution of competence and sociability stereotypes to six minority groups (women, Black people, lesbians, gay people, people with disabilities, and Indigenous people). A sample of 258 university students aged between 18 and 59 years (M = 24; SD = 8.00), predominantly women, completed a stereotype measure assessing two dimensions: competence and sociability. Participants responded to the scale for six groups frequently targeted by prejudice. One group completed the survey online without the presence of researchers (N = 95), and another group responded in person (N = 163) through collective administration in classrooms. The results showed significant differences in the attribution of competence traits between the types of data collection for the groups of Women and Indigenous people, and sociability traits for the groups of Gay and Lesbian people, and in both dimensions for the group of People with Disabilities, even after controlling for individual differences. The findings of this study reinforce the importance of controlling for social desirability in studies on prejudice and stereotypes. By demonstrating less bias in online data collection, this method may provide more sincere data on the expression of stereotypes and prejudices.
References
ALLPORT, G. W. The nature of prejudice. London: Wesley, 1954.
BAKER, A.; FLORACK, A. “Uncovering men’s stereotype content (warmth and competence) associated with a representative range of male body size categories”. Body Image, vol. 37, 2021.
BERNARDI, R. A.; NASH, J. “The importance and efficacy of controlling for social desirability response bias”. Ethics and Behavior, vol. 33, n. 5, 2023.
BISPO JÚNIOR, J. P. “Viés de desejabilidade social na pesquisa qualitativa em saúde”. Revista de Saúde Pública, vol. 56, 2022.
BODENHAUSEN, G. V.; RICHESON, J. A. “Prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination”. In: BAUMEISTER, R.; FINKEL, E. Advanced Social Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
BURLE, F. R.; TURGEON, M. “Ação afirmativa e desejabilidade social”. Opinião Pública, vol. 26, 2020.
CANTON, E.; HEDLEY, D.; SPOOR, J. R. “The stereotype content model and disabilities”. The Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 163, n. 4, 2023.
CORREIA, S.; MAIA, L. M. “Representações sociais do “ser indígena”: uma análise a partir do não indígena”. Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão, vol. 41, 2021.
COSTA, A. R. L. O controle de desejabilidade social via diferentes formatos de resposta: avaliação da tríade sombria (Tese de Doutorado em Psicologia). Campinas: USF, 2020.
DANFÁ, L. et al. “Preconceito e descontextualização normativa: considerações metodológicas ilustradas pelas representações sobre AIDS na África e Africano”. Psychologica, vol. 60, n. 2, 2017.
DURANTE, F.; FISKE, S. T. “How social-class stereotypes maintain inequality”. Current Opinion in Psychology, vol. 18, 2017.
ERHART, R. S.; HALL, D. L. “A descriptive and comparative analysis of the content of stereotypes about Native Americans”. Race and Social Problems, vol. 11, 2019.
FISKE, S. T. et al. “A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 82, n. 6, 2002.
FISKE, S. T. et al. “Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence”. Trends in cognitive sciences, vol. 11, n. 2, 2007.
GAMBLIN, B. W. et al. “Comparing in-person, Sona, and Mechanical Turk measurements of three prejudice-relevant constructs”. Current Psychology, vol. 36, 2017.
GNAMBS, T.; KASPAR, K. “Socially desirable responding in web-based questionnaires: A meta-analytic review of the candor hypothesis”. Assessment, vol. 24, n. 6, 2017.
KOIVULA, A.; RÄSÄNEN, P.; SARPILA, O. “Examining social desirability bias in online and offline surveys”. In: HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION. Perspectives on Design: Thematic Area. Orlando: Springer International Publishing, 2019.
KOTZUR, P. F. et al. “‘Society thinks they are cold and/or incompetent, but I do not’: Stereotype content ratings depend on instructions and the social group's location in the stereotype content space”. British Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 59, n. 4, 2020.
KRUMPAL, I. “Determinants of social desirability bias in sensitive surveys: a literature review”. Quality and Quantity, vol. 47, n. 4, 2013.
LIMA, M. E. O. “O que há de novo no "novo" racismo do Brasil?”. Revista Ensaios e Pesquisas em Educação e Cultura, vol. 4, n. 7, 2019.
LIMA, M. E. O. Psicologia social do preconceito e do racismo. São Paulo: Editora Blucher, 2020.
LIMA, M. E. O.; LEITE, M. F. “Conteúdo dos Estereótipos e Preconceito Racial: Efeitos da Cordialidade e da Competência”. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, vol. 37, 2021.
LIMA, M. E. O.; VALA, J. “As novas formas de expressão do preconceito e do racismo”. Estudos de psicologia, vol. 9, 2004.
LIONÇO, T. et al. “‘Ideologia de Gênero’: estratégia argumentativa que forja cientificidade para o fundamentalismo religioso”. Revista Psicologia Política, vol. 18, n. 43, 2018.
LOPES, R. L.; PEREIRA, C. R. “O impacto da norma anti-racista nas respostas a inquéritos sobre preconceito”. In: ANTÔNIO, J. H. C.; POLICARPO, V. P. (orgs.). Os imigrantes e a imigração aos olhos dos portugueses: Manifestações de preconceito e perspectivas sobre a inserção de imigrantes. Lisboa: Editora Edições 70, 2011.
MAIA, L. M. et al. “Minorias no contexto de trabalho: uma análise das representações socais de estudantes universitários”. Psicologia e Saber Social, vol. 6, n. 2, 2018.
MEISTERS, J.; HOFFMANN, A.; MUSCH, J. “Controlling social desirability bias: An experimental investigation of the extended crosswise model”. PloS One, vol. 15, n. 12, 2020.
MIZAEL, T. M.; ALMEIDA, J. “Revisão de estudos do Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure sobre vieses raciais”. Acta Comportamentalia, vol. 27, n. 4, 2019.
MIZE, T. D.; MANAGO, B. “The stereotype content of sexual orientation”. Social Currents, vol. 5, n. 5, 2018.
NEPOMUCENO, M. F.; CARVALHO-FREITAS, M. N. “Estereótipos de pessoas com deficiência: competência versus cordialidade na questão das cotas”. Interação em Psicologia, vol. 25, n. 1, 2021.
OKUYAN, M.; VOLLHARDT, J, R. “The role of group versus hierarchy motivations in dominant groups’ perceived discrimination”. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, vol. 25, n. 3, 2022.
PEREIRA, C. R.; VALA, J. “Do preconceito à discriminação justificada”. In-Mind_Português, vol. 1, 2010.
VAUGHN, A. A. et al. “Stereotypes, emotions, and behaviors toward lesbians, gay men, bisexual women, and bisexual men”. Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 64, n. 13, 2017.
VESELY, S.; KLÖCKNER, C. A. “Social desirability in environmental psychology research: Three meta-analyses”. Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 11, 2020.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Samuel Figueredo Maia, Luciana Maria Maia , Kaline da Silva Lima, Pollyana de Lucena Moreira
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c). Conjuncture Bulletin (BOCA)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
